INTRODUCTION:

The background work of Agriculture is the Back bone of Indian Economy. Agriculture and the allied sector is un questionably largest livelihood provider in India. It also contribute significant figure to the gross domestic product (GDP) [1]. In India 70% of the population earn their livelihood from the agriculture. It is an essential to analyze the reason for migration of farmers from agriculture [1] to other fields. The lot of funds allotted by the Center and State government to agriculture industry used for Fertilizer subsidies [2], [3]. The small portion is not enough to develop the infrastructure of the agriculture. Compare to the other fields the Civil Engineers attention and contribution to agriculture [4] infrastructure development is very less. Hence it is essential to find a solution for the farmer problem like a Water management, Transportation management, Ground Water [4] and channel improvements etc. Hence I deal one such problem called transportation of agriculture product from field to marketing center [3], [4]. The ground water table going down every year in these circumstances, Improve the agriculture productivity is the challenging task in front of farmer in India [5]. Transport the agriculture product from field to nearby marketing is also difficult in our country and consumes more agriculture profit cost [5], [6]. In this project we analysis the current status of village road which are used as a prime source for transport the agriculture product like Paddy, Sugarcane, Ground nuts and pulses [1], [3], [4] etc. The study is conducted at Madurandagam and Uthiramerur taluk in Kancheepuram District. The questionnaire survey carried out in Mangalam, Thimmapuram and Kattukaranai villages in Madurandagam Taluk and Azhisoor, Perunkozhi and Poonthandalam [6] in Uthiramerur Taluk .The survey conducted only in farmers’ family. In each village 10 families choose for questionnaires survey [7] and 30 factors are analysis in this survey. In another part of the project, we collect the all category of road details from Madurandagam and Uthiramerur Taluk. From the collected road details we find the density of road [4] for each Taluk and then the density of road compare with average agriculture production of respected Taluk. The road density is a major factor for development of any country [5]. Japan road density is the highest in the world that is 3.20 km/sq.km.The Indian road densities is 1.42 km/sq.km compare to other country it is the best average in the world. it is expected that smaller countries would have higher road density than those with considerably larger size. India’s highway network at 1.42 km of road length per square km of land is denser than that of USA (0.67 km/sq km), and much higher than that of China (0.40 km/sq. km) and Brazil (0.21 km/sq. km. The study about rural road network is very important compare to other road because rural roads with about 59 % share in the total road length continue to constitute the major share. National Highways though constitute small proportion of total road length, run across the length and breadth of the country and carry significant [6] amount (40%) of road traffic. State Highways and other PWD roads constitute secondary system of road transportation. In national level Kerala has the highest road density of 390km/100sq.km,the second place got by West Bengal with 249km/100sq.km [3].The position of our state in sixth place with 141km/100sq.km.The national top five agriculture production [2] state such as 1.Maharastra 2.Uthirapradesh 3.AndraPradesh 4.WestBenga 5.Rajastan,Tamilnadu got the Eighth place in the productivity. Hence we conduct more study for increase our agriculture production [4] .The top five state posse’s good road density. In this project we find the deficit of road density in Uthiramerur and Madurandagam taluk in Kancheepuram district and also analysis the present condition of rural roads [5] with suitable remedial measure are discussed.

OBJECTIVE OF THIS PAPER:

· Collect data about the present condition of rural roadway network and agriculture production details at Uthiramerur and Madhuranthakam Taluk in Kancheepuram District by collecting road maps and road details.

· Find the adequacy and density of road for Uthiramerur and Madhuranthakam taluk by conducting questionnaire survey and using collected road details.

· Analyse the survey report and prepare suitable recommendations.

· Compare the Density of road with National average and State average road density and find the short fall in Madhuranthakam and Uthiramerur taluk.

· Compare the Density of road with Agriculture production and prepare the comparison chart.

· Find the people opinion about the present road maintenance system and reason for failure of village roads.

· Find the need of farmers to improve the agriculture productivity.

STUDY OF RURAL ROAD NETWORK IN AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY:

Transportation has long been recognized as strategic factor in agriculture and rural development. It acts as bridge between agriculture fields to marketing centre. The agriculture [3] product transport to marketing centre at right time in low cost is absolutely necessary to increase the profit of farmers. Improvement in rural roads is very essential for agriculture productivity [6]. Indeed numerous studies strongly suggest that the investment in rural road construction [4] and maintenance can make significantly positive impact on rural income and Quality of life.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The concept for study of rural roads Network in agriculture productivity is conceived from literature of the journals. The ability to carry out a literature review is an vital skill for any student. It will provide you with a context in which to place your project regardless of the module you are studying.

REVIEW FROM VARIOUS COUNTRY

Nigeria- The effect of road infrastructural development on agricultural output and income of rural households in Delta State, Nigeria. The results indicate that rural roads have a significant positive effect on agricultural output, reduce transportation cost, stimulate demand for rural labor and improve rural income. Road quality instigated a strong positive response on output and income as a 10% improvement in road quality caused a 12% and 2.2% increase in agricultural output and total household income respectively. Furthermore, road infrastructure promotes inter-sect oral linkages between the agricultural [1], [3] and non-farm sector that enhances income diversification strategies among rural households. Since increase in the distance variable and poor road quality reduce household income, a policy thrust that will cut down distance to markets through investment in transport infrastructure should be pursued vigorously, by both the State and local government authorities in collaboration with the private sector, in order to reduce rural poverty and accelerate the process of rural transformation.

Yu Qin and Xiaobo Zhang (2012) - In this paper we find that road access helps facilitate the market integration of the agricultural economy, therefore enlarging the production scale of products with comparative advantage. For example, in Natural Village 4 of Administrative Village II, the natural endowment is suitable for growing peaches. Before improvements in road connections, peaches were often damaged by being carried by shoulder for a long walk to the nearest market. After road construction, farmers can sell their peaches at a collection point right in their natural village. As a result, peach production has boomed in this area.

Uganda's rural City- This paper applies a static general equilibrium model to investigate the high transportation costs, low productivity relationships; our results recommend that the population in quasi-subsistence agriculture is highly sensitive both to level of agricultural productivity and cost of transportation. The model also suggests positive complementarities between improvement in agricultural productivity [4] and transportation. Our paper will focus in part on the high transaction costs faced by rural households in Uganda. This section of the paper seeks to document and quantify the transportation costs [2] involved in moving goods from Uganda's rural areas to its cities.

SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT

· The study is used to understand present condition of road network in Uthiramerur and Madurandagam, Taluk in Kancheepuram district.

· Find the road density in Madurandagam and Uthiramerur taluk in Kancheepuram district.

· To understand the relationship between road density with agriculture productivity.

· To understand the requirements for improving agriculture production other than roads.

· To understand the present road maintenance system and remedial measures.

· To understand the reason for loss in agriculture.

METHODOLOGY

It provides the identify areas of Rural road network in agriculture productivity [4], [5], [7] and determine the various factors for rural roads, approaches to data collection and data analysis. It also identifies the questionnaire design, mean content, and reliability.

STURCTURE OF THE PROJECT

This project is organized into two sections. One study about present condition of village road and need for improve the agriculture productivity by conducting Questionnaires survey from randomly selected villages in Uthiramerur and Madurandagam Taluk. Second study about to find the density of road in the above two taluk by collecting road and area details. The density of road compares with state density of road and related with agriculture productivity of two taluk.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

Fig.1. Methodology of Cost Overrun

In the Fig.1 the study approach involved through literature review, Field work for questionnaires survey about village roads and data collection for road details and agriculture production for last three years in the selected Taluk in Kancheepuram District from various government offices.

DATA ANALYSIS

The research instrument used to identify present condition of village roads and find the density of road and relate with agriculture productivity by questionnaire survey and data collection. The questionnaire was designed in such a way as to get high response rate from respondents. Only optional questions and tick options were used so that responding was easier.

QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN

The questionnaire consisted of three parts, Part A, Part B and Part C. In Part A the personal information of the respondent (for e.g. Educational Qualification, Mode of agriculture, Area used for agriculture work) was asked. Part B was aimed to obtain information about village road (for e.g. present condition of road, Type of road, width of road). In order to frame the questionnaire, a total of 6 categories of factors were analyzed. Each of the categories consisting of factors which were found to be responsible for village road status and agriculture productivity. A total of 30 factors were taken as shown in the Table 1

Table.1. Overview of the Factors considered for the Questionnaire survey

S. No	Description of factors	No. of factors
1	Factors related to participant	4
2	Factors related to mode and Area of cultivation	3
3	About village road	5
4	Transportation of agriculture product	7
5	Infrastructure of agriculture / Other factors	11
	Total Number of Factors	30

The research population was drawn from six villages from Uthiramerur and Madurandagam taluk. The information regarding the respondents is obtained from the questionnaire survey. The respondents were asked about personnel information, details about their village roads and General opinion about transportation of agriculture product, Road maintenance method etc.

CALCULATION OF ROAD DENSITY

The road density [5] calculated in Uthiramerur and Madurandagam from data collected from various government offices.

Road density = Total length of road in km

Area of taluk in sq, km

Table.2 Calculation of road density in Uthiramerur taluk

S. No	Classification of roads	Length in km	Uthiramerur Taluk (area in Sq.km)	Density of road(km/sq.km)
1	State Highways	30	376.58	0.08
2	Major District Roads	23.2	376.58	0.06
3	Other District Roads	171.38	376.58	0.46
4	Panchayat Union roads	170.3	376.58	0.45
5	Village panchayat road	193.01	376.58	0.51
Total density of road in Uthiramerur Taluk=1.56 Km/Sq.km

Table.3. Road density in Madurandagam taluk

S. No	Classification of roads	Length in km	Madurandagam Taluk overall area in Sq.km	Density of road(km/sq.km)
1	National Highways	41.6	543.1	0.08
2	State Highways	45.8	543.1	0.08
3	Major District Roads	77.8	543.1	0.14
4	Other District Roads	240.88	543.1	0.44
5	Panchayat Union roads	267.85	543.1	0.49
6	Village panchayat road	259.75	543.1	0.48
Total density of road in Madurandagam Taluk =1.72 Km/Sq.km

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

A pilot study was conducted with an experienced person in the agriculture industry who was asked to critically review the design and structure of the questionnaire, to ensure that the questionnaire will serve its purpose when distributed to farmers. For the questionnaire survey, the respondents were randomly selected from village.

AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY DETAILS

The analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire was done by using the ordinary arithmetical calculation of Agriculture productivity details.

Table.3. Agriculture productivity details in Madurandagam taluk

The performance of the agriculture productivity of the Madurandagam taluk as to be shown in the below fig2.

Fig. 2 Performance of Madurandagam taluk

Table.4 Agriculture productivity details in Uthiramerur taluk

Year	Paddy(MT)	Ground Nuts (MT)	Sugar cane (MT)	Pulses (MT)	Ragi (MT)
2009-10	28750	3756	42360	83	275
2010-11	32670	2564	32625	155	370
2011-12	38998	4406	43828	142	398
2012-13	32340	2546	-	149	264
2013-14	16776	4194	-	73	194
Average	29907	3493	43828	120.40	300.20

The analysis of the performance for the productivity of agriculture in Uthiramerur taluk details as to be shown below in the fig. 3.

Fig.3. Performance of Uthiramerur taluk

CONCLUSION:

The rural roads contribution for our country economy is very significant [7]. Rural road share [6] is 59% in overall length of road in Our Nation; hence we give more attention to keep in good condition. It directly linked with agriculture [4] productivity without improving rural road network we could not achieve improvement in the agriculture production [3]. The quetionnries survey conducted in three villages, each in Madurandagam and Uthiramerur Taluk the result clearly show the present condition of rural roads not a appreciable position. But more than 60% of people still believe the government maintenance [3] is good compare to private maintenance. It is a right time the government take appropriate action for keep the belief of people. In survey 77% of people want to change the present maintenance [7] system. Government setup Technical committee to modify the maintenance method.

We know the agriculture productivity is directly proportional to water resource, in the survey result show the 49% of people want to improve the Rain water harvesting [2] system. The quetionnries survey shows the other major problem faced by farmer is low market rate for their agriculture product 42% of people registers their worries [1], [3]. Government take policy decision to purchase all agriculture production from farmer more than present market value. 82% of people want the government give more attention for improve the agriculture, so the present contribution of government in the agriculture [1], [5], [7] field not fulfil the people expectation. 37% of people lost their belief on government for the present road maintenance approach. Hence the government take absolute action to keep and increase the people trust on government.

Road density play important role in the agriculture productivity .In this project the road density of Madurandagam and Uthiramerur was found and compare with the average agriculture productivity of the respective taluk. In the comparison analysis we find the more density of road give more production. Uthiramerur taluk road density1.56 is greater than National average road density of 1.25 km/sq.km and slightly more to state average road density of 1.41 km/sq.km. In Madurandagam taluk road density 1.72 is greater than 0.47 km of national average and 0.31 km greater than the State average. Compare to Uthiramerur taluk Madurandagam road density 10.25% greater in position.

REFERENCES:

[1] Dr. S.K .Kanna (2010), A text book on Highways Engineering, Published by Nem Chand and Bros. Civil Lines, Roorkee 247667.

[2] Yu Qin And Xiaobo Zhang (2012). An assessment of the impact of road transport on rural development: A case study of Obokun Local Government area of Osun State, Nigeria.

[3] Ministry of road transport And Highways, (2001), Specifications For Road and Bridge Works (fourth Revision)Published by the Indian Road Congress on behalf of the government of India, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.

[4] Gilberto. M, Llanto (April2012). The Impact of Infrastructure on agriculture Productivity Discussion Paper Series no 2012-12.

[5] Inoni O.E, Omotord D.G (2009). Review article Effect of road infrastructure on agriculture output and Income of Rural households in delta state, Nigeria Vol.42(2)2009.

[6] Douglas Gollin and Richard Rogerson (2010) Agriculture, Roads, and Economic Development in Uganda Department of Economics, Rizona State University.

[7] Tunde, A.M and Adeniyi, E.E.(2012)Impact of Road transport on Agriculture development, Ethiopian journal of Environmental Studies and management EJESM Vol.5No.3 2012.

Received on 17.11.2015 Accepted on 28.12.2015

Int. J. Tech. 5(2): July-Dec., 2015; Page 125-130

DOI: 10.5958/2231-3915.2015.00008.5